In this course you will be producing
argumentative writing based on close textual readings. We will spend a good
deal of time talking together about what it means to write persuasively and
read closely, what sorts of things can usefully be considered texts in the
first place, and under what circumstances, and so on, but as a first
approximation of what I mean I am offering you four general habits of attention
and writing practice, guidelines I will want you to apply to your writing this
term. If you can incorporate these four writing practices into your future work
you will have mastered the task of producing a competent argumentative paper
for just about any discipline in the humanities that would ask you for one. Incidentally,
I will also say that taking these habits truly to heart goes a long way in my
view toward inculcating the critical temper indispensable for good citizenship
in functioning democracies in a world of diverse and contentious stakeholders
with urgent shared problems.
A First Habit
An argumentative paper will have a thesis. A thesis is a claim. It is a
statement of the thing your paper is trying to show. Very often, the claim will
be straightforward enough to express in a single sentence or so, and it will
usually appear early on in the paper to give your readers a clear sense of the
project of the paper. A thesis is a claim that is strong. A strong claim
is a claim for which you can imagine an intelligent opposition. It is a
claim that you feel a need to argue for. Close readings and research papers may
seem very different as writing projects, but a thesis is the key to both. Remember,
when you are producing a reading about a complex literary text like a novel, a
poem, or a film the object of your argument will be to illuminate the text, to
draw attention to some aspect of the wider work the text is accomplishing. Once
you have determined the dimension or element in a text that you want to argue
about, your opposition might consist of those who would focus elsewhere or who
would draw different conclusions from your own focus. When you are writing a
research paper, remember that you are not simply exploring a topic, you are
seeking an answer to a question. That question (sometimes in the form of an
hypothesis that would answer the question) directs your research, though
sometimes the research process itself can change your question. Your answer to
your research question is your research paper's thesis, the claim you support
with the evidence you gathered in your research and present in the body of the
paper itself. Your thesis is your paper's spine, your paper's task. As you
write your papers, it is a good idea to ask yourself the question, from time to
time, Does this quotation, does this argument, does this paragraph support my
thesis in some way? If it doesn’t, delete it. If you are drawn repeatedly away
from what you have chosen as your thesis, ask yourself whether or not this
signals that you really want to argue for some different thesis.
A Second Habit
You should define your central terms, especially the ones you may be using in
an idiosyncratic way. Your definitions can be casual ones, they don’t have to
sound like dictionary definitions. But it is crucial that once you have defined
a term you will stick to the meaning you have assigned it yourself. Never
simply assume that your readers know what you mean or what you are talking
about. Never hesitate to explain yourself for fear of belaboring the obvious.
Clarity never appears unintelligent.
A Third Habit
You should support your claims about the text with actual quotations from the
text itself. In this course you will always be analyzing texts (broadly
defined) and whatever text you are working on should probably be a major
presence on nearly every page of your papers. A page without quotations is
often a page that has lost track of its point, or one that is stuck in abstract
generalizations. This doesn't mean that your paper should consist of mostly
huge block quotes. On the contrary, a block quote is usually a quote that needs
to be broken up and read more closely and carefully. If you see fit to include
a lengthy quotation filled with provocative details, I will expect you to
contextualize and discuss all of those details. If you are unprepared to
do this, or fear that doing so will introduce digressions from your argument,
this signals that you should be more selective about the quotations to which
you are calling attention.
A Fourth Habit
You should anticipate objections to your thesis. In some ways this is the most
difficult habit to master. Remember that even the most solid case for a
viewpoint is vulnerable to dismissal by the suggestion of an apparently
powerful counterexample. That is why you should anticipate problems,
criticisms, counterexamples, and deal with them before they arise, and deal
with them on your own terms. If you cannot imagine a sensible and relevant
objection to your line of argument it means either that you are not looking
hard enough or that your claim is not strong enough.
